Battery pack flow control method

ABSTRACT

An exemplary method of controlling flow through a battery pack includes, in a first operating condition, moving flow through a first section of an enclosure using a first fan, and moving flow through a second section of the enclosure using a second fan. In a second operating condition, the method moves flow through the second section using the first fan.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to a method of controlling flowthrough a battery pack and, more particularly, to a method that utilizesan array of individual fans to control flow through sections of abattery pack.

BACKGROUND

Electrified vehicles generally differ from conventional motor vehiclesbecause electrified vehicles are selectively driven using one or moreelectric machines powered by battery cells of a battery pack. Theelectric machines can drive the electrified vehicles instead of, or inaddition to, an internal combustion engine. Example electrified vehiclesinclude hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electricvehicles (PHEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and battery electricvehicles (BEVs).

Referring to FIG. 1, an example prior art battery pack 2 includesbattery cells that power the electric machines of an electrifiedvehicle. A single fan 4 is connected to a duct 6. The fan 4 draws a flowof air through the duct 6 from the battery pack 2. The flow can cool thebattery pack 2.

SUMMARY

A method of controlling flow through a battery pack according to anexemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things,in a first operating condition, moving flow through a first section ofan enclosure using a first fan, and moving flow through a second sectionof the enclosure using a second fan. The method further includes, in asecond operating condition, moving flow through the second section usingthe first fan.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing method, the methodincludes changing from the first operating condition to the secondoperating condition in response to a change in temperature.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the change in temperature includes an actual temperature of the secondsection varying from an expected temperature of the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the change in temperature includes an actual temperature of the secondsection varying from an average temperature of the battery pack.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the change in temperature includes a change in a temperature of a groupof battery cells within the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the method includes, in the second operating condition, adjusting thefirst fan to increase flow moved by the first fan.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the adjusting is in response to a difference between a temperature ofbattery cells in the second section and a temperature of battery cellsin another area of the enclosure.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the adjusting is based on a flow model.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the method includes, in the second operating condition, moving flowthrough the second section and a third section using a third fan, thesecond section positioned between the first section and the thirdsection within the enclosure.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the method includes selectively powering a drivetrain of an electrifiedvehicle using a first group of battery cells within the first sectionand second group of battery cells within the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the first fan rotates about a first axis to move flow and the second fanrotates about a second axis to move flow. The first axis is aligned witha direction that flow communicates though the first section. The secondaxis is aligned with a direction that flow communicates through thesecond section.

A method of controlling flow through a battery pack according to anexemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things,communicating flow through a first section of an enclosure using a firstfan, and communicating flow through a second section of the enclosureusing a second fan. The method further includes increasing a speed ofthe first fan to communicate flow through the second section using thefirst fan in response to a temperature change in the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing method, thetemperature change in the second section includes an actual temperatureof the second section varying from an expected temperature of the secondsection.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the temperature change in the second section includes an increase intemperature of a group of battery cells in the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the temperature change in the second section includes an actualtemperature of the second section varying from an average temperature ofthe battery pack.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the first fan rotates about a first axis to move flow and the second fanrotates about a second axis to move flow. The first axis is aligned witha direction that flow communicates though the first section. The secondaxis is aligned with a direction that flow communicates through thesecond section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the increasing is based on a flow model.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the increasing is further in response to the second fan communicatinginsufficient flow through the second section.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods,the method includes communicating flow through the second section and athird section using a third fan, the second section positioned betweenthe first section and the third section within the enclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The various features and advantages of the disclosed examples willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art from the detaileddescription. The figures that accompany the detailed description can bebriefly described as follows:

FIG. 1 shows an example prior art battery pack.

FIG. 2 shows a powertrain of an example electrified vehicle.

FIG. 3 shows a partially section view of a battery pack flow controlsystem used to control flow through a battery pack used in thepowertrain of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows a partially schematic cross-section view of selectedportions of FIG. 3 when the battery pack flow control system is in afirst operating condition.

FIG. 5 shows the cross-section of FIG. 4 when the battery pack flowcontrol system in a second operating condition.

FIG. 6 shows a partially schematic cross-sectional view of anotherexample embodiment of a battery pack and battery pack flow controlsystem in a first operating condition.

FIG. 7 shows the cross-section of FIG. 6 in a second operatingcondition.

FIG. 8. shows steps of an example method of controlling flow through thebattery pack of FIG. 2 or 6, or another battery pack.

FIG. 9. shows steps of an example method of controlling flow through thebattery pack of FIG. 2 or 6, or another battery pack.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure relates generally to a method of controlling flowthrough a battery pack and, more specifically, to a method that controlsan array of individual fans within a fan array to influence flow throughdifferent sections of the battery pack. The flow is a fluid, such asair, that can cool the battery pack. In another example, the flow canheat the battery pack.

Referring to FIG. 2, a powertrain 10 of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)includes a battery pack 14 housing groups 18 of battery cells. Eachgroup 18 includes three individual battery cells in this example.

The powertrain 10 further includes an internal combustion engine 20, amotor 22, and a generator 24. The motor 22 and the generator 24 aretypes of electric machines. The motor 22 and generator 24 may beseparate or have the form of a combined motor-generator.

In this embodiment, the powertrain 10 is a power-split powertrain thatemploys a first drive system and a second drive system. The first andsecond drive systems generate torque to drive one or more sets ofvehicle drive wheels 28. The first drive system includes a combinationof the engine 20 and the generator 24. The second drive system includesat least the motor 22, the generator 24, and the battery pack 14. Themotor 22 and the generator 24 are portions of an electric drive systemof the powertrain 10.

The engine 20 and the generator 24 can be connected through a powertransfer unit 30, such as a planetary gear set. Of course, other typesof power transfer units, including other gear sets and transmissions,can be used to connect the engine 20 to the generator 24. In onenon-limiting embodiment, the power transfer unit 30 is a planetary gearset that includes a ring gear 32, a sun gear 34, and a carrier assembly36.

The generator 24 can be driven by the engine 20 through the powertransfer unit 30 to convert kinetic energy to electrical energy. Thegenerator 24 can alternatively function as a motor to convert electricalenergy into kinetic energy, thereby outputting torque to a shaft 38connected to the power transfer unit 30.

The ring gear 32 of the power transfer unit 30 is connected to a shaft40, which is connected to the vehicle drive wheels 28 through a secondpower transfer unit 44. The second power transfer unit 44 may include agear set having a plurality of gears 46. Other power transfer unitscould be used in other examples.

The gears 46 transfer torque from the engine 20 to a differential 48 toultimately provide traction to the vehicle drive wheels 28. Thedifferential 48 may include a plurality of gears that enable thetransfer of torque to the vehicle drive wheels 28. In this example, thesecond power transfer unit 44 is mechanically coupled to an axle 50through the differential 48 to distribute torque to the vehicle drivewheels 28.

The motor 22 can be selectively employed to drive the vehicle drivewheels 28 by outputting torque to a shaft 54 that is also connected tothe second power transfer unit 44. In this embodiment, the motor 22 andthe generator 24 cooperate as part of a regenerative braking system inwhich both the motor 22 and the generator 24 can be employed as motorsto output torque. For example, the motor 22 and the generator 24 caneach output electrical power to recharge cells of the battery pack 14.

Referring now to FIG. 3 with continuing reference to FIG. 2, an exampleflow control system 58 for the battery pack 14 interfaces with anenclosure 60 of the battery pack 14. The enclosure 60 is divided intosections 64 a-64 e or regions, which are represented by broken lines.

The sections 64 a-64 e each include one of the groups 18 a-18 e ofbattery cells. Each section 64 a-64 e includes three individual batterycells in this example.

In another example, one or more of the sections 64 a-64 e can include abattery support device, such as a battery electronic control module(BECM), instead of, or in addition to, one of the groups 18 a-18 e ofthe battery cells.

The sections 64 a-64 e are similarly sized. In another example, thesections 64 a-64 e could have different sizes to accommodate the batterysupport device, a number of battery cells other than three, or someother component.

The example battery cells are prismatic cells having terminals facingupwardly within the battery pack 14. In another example, the batterycells are cylindrical. Other types of battery cells could be utilized.

The example enclosure 60 includes five sections 64 a-64 e, but couldinclude some other number. In this example, no dividing walls are usedand the sections 64 a-64 e are not structurally defined separately fromeach other. The sections 64 a-64 e could, in another example, bepartially separated from each other by a dividing structure, such as awall, that is inside the enclosure 60. If a dividing structure is used,the dividing structure incorporates an engineered gap, such as anaperture, that permits flow between the sections 64 a-64 e when suchflow is required.

The system 58 includes a fan assembly. In this example, the fan assemblyincludes a fan array 66 having a plurality of fans 68 a-68 e. Theexample fans 68 a-68 e are mounted directly to a side wall 72 of theenclosure 60. The example fan array 66 includes five fans 68 a-68 e, butcould include some other number of fans.

The fan array 66 moves flow through the battery pack 14. In thisexample, the flow within the enclosure 60 can move through spacesbetween the individual battery cells in the groups 18 a-18 e. Flow canalso move through spaces between the groups 18 a-18 e and between top ofthe groups and a top 74 of the enclosure 60.

Each of the five sections 64 a-64 e is associated with one of the fivefans 68 a-68 e. In another example, more than one of the sections 64a-64 e is associated with one of the fans 68 a-68 e. That is, the numberof fans 68 a-68 e need not match the number of sections 64 a-64 e.

The fans 68 a-68 e are configured to pull flow through at least arespective one of the sections 64 a-64 e. Flow moves to the sections 64a-64 e through an inlet provided by one or more openings (not shown) ina sidewall 76 of the enclosure 60.

In another example, the fans 68 a-68 e are configured to push flowthrough at least a respective one of the sections 64 a-64 e. In such anexample, the openings could provide an outlet from the enclosure.

In yet another example, the fans 68 a-68 e are reversible and thusconfigured to selectively push or pull flow through the sections 64 a-64e.

The example fans 68 a-68 e each include a bladed rotor that rotatesabout an axis A to move flow. The axis A is shown in connection with fan68 a, but it should be understood that each of the remaining fans 68b-68 e have a respective axis of rotation. The example fans 68 a-68 eare aligned such that the axis A is aligned with a direction that flowcommunicates through the groups 18 a-18 e in an associated one of thesections 64 a-64 e. Alternatively, the fans 68 a-68 e may each includean impeller which discharges air perpendicular to axis A andapproximately tangential to the rotation of the impeller about axis A.

The groups 18 a-18 e terminate at laterally facing sides 78. The fans 68a-68 e are spaced from the lateral sides 78, which provides an open area80 between the fan array 66 and the groups 18 a-18 e of battery cells.In the open area 80, flow can move between the sections 64 a-64 e. Ifphysical dividers are used to separate the sections 64 a-64 e, thephysical dividers would not block all flow between the sections 64 a-64e in the open area 80. The physical dividers could include apertures,for example, to permit flow between the sections 64 a-64 e within theopen area 80. The open area 80 is within the enclosure 60.

A sensor assembly 82 a-82 e is associated with each of the sections 64a-64 e. The sensor assembly 82 a-82 e can be used to sense a temperaturewithin a respective one of the sections 64 a-64 e. The example sensorassemblies 82 a-82 e can sense a temperature of one or more associatedbattery cells, or the temperature of a member that is conductivelycoupled to the associated battery cells, such as a buss bar.

Flow through the sections 64 a-64 e can alter temperatures of thebattery cells and other components in the sections 64 a-64 e. Forexample, increasing flow through the section 64 a can reduce thetemperature of the section 64 a and thus reduce the temperatures sensedby the sensor assembly 82 a.

Generally, relatively uniform flow across the groups 18 a-18 e ofbattery cells can cool or heat the battery cells to a desired level.Under some conditions, variations from approximately uniform flow can bedesired.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 with continuing reference to FIG. 3, each ofthe fans 68 a-68 e is operably linked to a controller 84. The fans 68a-68 e can be individually adjusted by the controller 84 to selectivelyincrease or decrease flow through one or more of the sections 64 a-64 erelative to other sections 64 a-64 e. The groups 18 a-18 e arerepresented schematically in FIGS. 4 and 5.

In this example, the controller 84 adjusts the rotational speeds of theindividual fans 68 a-68 e relative to each other to increase or decreaseflow through the sections 64 a-64 e. The controller 84 can receivetemperature readings from sensor assemblies 82 a-82 e and can adjustrotational speeds in response to changes in the temperature readings.For example, if more flow is desired in section 64 b than in section 64a, the rotational speed of the fan 68 b can be increased relative to therotational speed of the fan 68 a. The effective rotational speeds of theindividual fans 68 a-68 e can be controlled by adjusting the analogpower flowing to the fans 68 a-68 e, controlled by pulse widthmodulation of the power, or by another means.

Although rotational speeds are adjusted in this example. The controller84 can, in other examples, make other adjustments to vary flow throughone or more of the sections 64 a-64 e relative to other sections 64 a-64e. For example, the controller 84 could actuate an array of vanes toincrease or decrease flow.

An operating condition for the system 58 can change to alter flowthrough the sections 64 a-64 e. The operating condition can change inresponse to, for example, a rise in temperatures of the battery cells inone or more of the sections 64 a-64 e of the battery pack 14 relative tothe other battery cells of the battery pack 14. The sensor assembly 82a-82 e associated with the sections 64 a-64 e can sense temperatures andprovide temperature information to the controller 84, which then adjuststhe fan array 66 to alter flow through the sections 64 a-64 e.

A variation in temperatures of the sections 64 a-64 e can be caused, atleast in part, by an obstruction that obstructs flow from entering theenclosure 60. For example, the battery pack 14 is positioned behind arear seat 88 of an electric vehicle. Seatbelt anchors 90 a, 90 b, and 90c for the rear seat 88 can obstruct flow to the openings 76 of theenclosure 60. In particular, the seatbelt anchor 90 b can obstruct flowfrom entering the section 64 b and the section 64 c.

The example battery pack 14 extends along across the back of the rearsear 88. The number and size of the battery cells within the batterypack 14 provides little or no room for ducting at the lateral sides ofthe battery pack 14.

In this example, the battery pack 14 is about 1,000 millimeters wide.Each of the sections 64 a-64 e has a width of about 200 millimeters. Thenumber of sections 64 a-64 e and the widths of the sections 64 a-64 ecan be varied from this example. Thickness of example battery cells canbe from 12 to 25 millimeters thick for prismatic cells and from 5 to 13millimeters thick for pouch-style cells. If battery cells having suchthickness are used, the sections 18 a-18 e would likely each includemore than three individual battery cells.

Each of the example fans 68 a-68 e can draw about 20 cfm through theassociated section 64 a-64 e. The fans 64 a-64 e are similar in size toseat cooling fans in some examples. The number and sizing of thesections 64 a and 64 e can be a function of a maximum flow required forthe battery pack 14 and the volumetric capacity of the fans 68 a-68 e.

Due to the obstructed flow, temperatures of the group 18 b of batterycells in the section 64 b and the group 18 c of battery cells in thesection 64 c can rise. To lower the temperature of the battery cells inthe sections 64 b and 64 c, the controller 84 can increase therotational speed of the fans 68 b and 68 c relative to the remainingfans 68 a, 68 d, and 68 e. Increasing the rotational speed of the fans68 b and 68 c increases flow through the sections 64 b and 64 c.

The operating condition can change in response to other informationinstead of, or in addition to, temperatures within the sections 64 a-64e. For example, inoperability of one of the fans 68 a-68 e could triggerthe operating condition to change.

As an example, the system 58 of FIG. 4 is operating according to a firstoperating condition. In the first operating condition, the fan 68 adraws flow through the section 64 a, the fan 68 b draws flow through thesection 64 b, the fan 68 c draws flow through the section 64 c, the fan68 d draws flow through the section 64 d, and the fan 68 e draws flowthrough the section 64 e. The first operating condition, in thisexample, corresponds to when each of the fans 68 a-68 e are fullyfunctional and capable of maintaining a desired flow through arespective one of the sections 64 a-64 e.

In FIG. 5, the system 58 has changed to operate according to a secondoperating condition. In FIG. 5, the fan 68 d is inoperable, or is notcapable of operating at a level that can draw sufficient flow throughthe section 64 d. In response, the system 58 has changed to the secondoperating condition.

In the example second operating condition, the controller 84 hasincreased the rotational speed of the fans 68 c and 68 e relative to theother fans 68 a and 68 b. Operating the fans 68 c and 68 e cancompensate for the inability of the fan 68 d to draw sufficient flowthrough the section 64 d. The change in rotational speed of the fans 68c and 68 e represents the change from the first operating condition tothe second operating condition in this example.

When the example system 58 operates in the second operating condition,the fan 68 c draws flow through the section 64 c and through theneighboring section 64 d. Also, the fan 68 e draws flow through thesection 64 e and the neighboring section 64 d. Increasing the rotationalspeed of the fans 68 c and 68 e increases the flow moved by the fans 68c and 68 e, which helps the fan 68 c and the fan 68 e to draw flow fromthe section 64 d in addition to the sections 64 c and 64 e. The openarea 80 provides an engineered opening or gap between adjacent sections64 a-64 e to allow flow to move from one of the sections 64 a-64 e toanother of the sections 64 a-64 e.

In some examples, the fans 68 a-68 e can each include a backflow blocker92, as is represented schematically in connection with fan 68 d. Thebackflow blocker 92 can permit flow in one direction through the fan 68,but block backflow through the fan 68 d in a second, opposite direction.

When the system 58 is in the first operating condition, the backflowblocker 92 is in the first position of FIG. 4 to permit flow to exit theenclosure 60 through the fan 68 d. When the system 58 is in the secondoperating condition, the backflow blocker 92 is in the second positionof FIG. 5 to block flow from entering the open area 80 through the fan68 d.

The direction of flow can cause the backflow blocker 92 to move betweenthe first position and the second position. For example, the backflowblocker 92 can include flaps that open when flow moves from the openarea 80 to the fan 68 d, and pull closed when flow moves from outsidethe enclosure 60 to the fan 68 d.

In some examples, the controller 84 actuates and holds the backflowblocker 92 in the first position or the section position. This permitsthe backflow blocker 92 to be used to change the system 58 between thefirst and second operating conditions. The backflow blocker 92 can beused instead of, or in addition to, increasing the speed of the fan 68 cand the fan 68 e relative to the speed of the fans 68 a and 68 b.

In examples where the sections are separated by physical dividers eachincorporating one or more apertures to selectively permit flow betweenthe sections 64 a-64 e within the open area, the size of the one or moreapertures can be adjustable. For example, the controller 84 couldactuate fins, or a similar structure to selectively increase or decreasethe effective aperture size. Increasing the size of the aperture permitsmore flow from one of the sections 64 a-64 e to an adjacent sectionthrough the aperture. Decreasing the size of the aperture permits lessflow from one of the sections 64 a-64 e to an adjacent section throughthe aperture.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, another example system 158 to controlflow through a battery pack 114 includes six sections 164 a-164 f eachhousing a respective group 118 a-118 f of battery cells. Each of thesections 164 a-164 f includes a respective group 118 a-118 f of batterycells. The groups 118 a-118 f are represented schematically.

The battery cells in the groups 118 a-118 f terminate at a laterallyfacing sides represented by line 178. Each of the sections 164 a-164 fis associated with a respective fan 168 a-168 f. An open area 180 ispositioned between the laterally facing sides and the fans 168 a-168 f.

The battery pack 114 includes a louver assembly 94 positioned betweenthe groups 118 a-118 f and the fans 168. The louver assembly 94 isoperably connected to a controller 184 that is also operably connectedto the fans 168 a-168 f.

The louver assembly 94 includes a plurality of vanes 96. The controller184 can selectively actuate individual vanes 96 of the louver assembly94 to alter flow through the sections 164 a-164 f the battery pack 114.A person having skill in this art and the benefit of this disclosurewould understand how to actuate selected vanes of the louver assembly94.

In FIG. 6, the vanes 96 of the louver assembly 94 are aligned with adirection of flow through the battery packs within the sections 164a-164 f. This positioning of the vanes 96 facilitates guiding flowbetween the sections 164 a-164 f and the associated one of the fans 168a-168 f. In FIG. 6, the positioning of the vanes 96 is representative ofthe example system 158 operating in a first operating condition.

In FIG. 7, some of the vanes 96 have been actuated to guide flow to movebetween the section 164 e and the fans 168 d and 168 f, rather thanbetween the section 164 e and the fan 168 e. The vanes 96 may beactuated to the position of FIG. 7 if the fan 168 e is incapable movingsufficient flow through the section 164 e. The positioning of the vanes96 of FIG. 7 is representative of the example system 158 operating in asecond operating condition.

Referring to FIG. 8, an example method 200 controls flow through abattery pack, which could be the battery pack 14 of FIGS. 3-5, thebattery pack 114 of FIGS. 6 and 7, or some other battery pack. The stepsof the method 300 can be executed on processing circuitry of acontroller that is operably connected to temperature sensors, a fanarray, and other portions of the battery pack.

The method 200 operates in a first operating condition in a step 210. Inthe step 210, the method 200 moves flow through a first section of abattery pack enclosure using a first fan, and moves flow through asecond section of the battery pack enclosure using a second fan.

The method 200 moves to a step 220 when operating according to a secondoperating condition. In the step 220, the method 200 moves flow throughthe second section using the first fan.

One or more factors can cause the method 200 to transition from thefirst operating condition of the step 210 to the second operatingcondition of the step 220.

In one example, inoperability of the second fan can cause the method 200to transition from the step 210 to the step 210.

In another example, the second fan is operable, but the method 200transitions from the step 210 to the step 220 because the second fan isunable to move sufficient flow through the second section.

In still other examples, the method 200 transitions from the step 210 tothe step 220 in response to a change in temperatures. For example, acontroller operably connected to temperature sensors associated with thesecond section can compare the actual temperature of the second sectionto an expected temperature of the second section. If the actualtemperature varies from the expected temperature, the method 200transitions from the step 210 to the step 220. The variation required toprompt the transition from the step 210 to the step 220 can be avariation that exceeds a threshold amount, say two degrees Celsius. Theactual temperature measurement can be an actual temperature measurementof a temperature of battery cells within the second section of thebattery pack enclosure.

The expected temperature measurement can be an expected temperaturemeasurement for battery cells within the second section. The expectedtemperature measurement can instead be an average temperature of thebattery pack, such as an average temperature of all the battery cellswithin the battery pack enclosure.

At the step 220, the method 200 can adjust the first fan to cause thefirst fan to move flow through the second section. An example adjustmentcan be increasing a speed of the first fan to increase flow moved by thefirst fan. Increasing the flow moved by the first fan facilitates thefirst fan moving flow through both the first and second sections.

The method 200 can, in some examples, adjust the first fan at the step220 based on a flow model. A database, for example, stored in a memoryportion of the controller, can provide the flow model.

The database can include a table containing flow rates associated withdifferent fan speeds, and estimates of flow required to reducetemperatures different amounts. The flow required to reduce temperaturescan be impacted by various factors, such as ambient temperatures,humidity, etc. These factors can be stored in the table and influencethe flow required to reduce temperatures a desired amount.

If the method 200 is at the step 220 and the temperature of the secondsection is, for example, two degrees Celsius higher than a desiredtemperature, the method 200 references the flow model to determine a newtarget speed for the first fan. When the first fan operates at the newtarget speed, the first fan moves enough flow through the second sectionto decrease the temperature two degrees Celsius.

Referring now to FIG. 9, another method 300 of controlling flow througha battery pack starts at a step 310. The method 300 can be used inconnection with the battery pack 14 of FIGS. 3-5, the battery pack 114of FIGS. 6 and 7, or some other battery pack. The steps of the method300 can be executed on processing circuitry of a controller that isoperably connected to temperature sensors, a fan array, and otherportions of the battery pack.

After the start at the step 310, the method 300 moves to a step 320. Thestep 320 substantially compares temperature data for different sectionsof the battery pack enclosure. The temperature data is battery celltemperature data, for example.

In some examples, the step 320 calculates whether a rate of temperaturechange in one section of the battery pack enclosure is deviating from anaverage temperature of the other sections of the battery pack enclosure.In another example, the step 320 calculates whether a rate oftemperature change in one section of the battery pack is deviating froman average temperature of all the sections of the battery packenclosure.

The method then moves to a step 330, which calculates to determine if arate of temperature change in one section of the battery pack enclosureis deviating from an expected rate of temperature change for thatsection. An expected temperature rate of change for a section of thebattery pack enclosure could be based on several variables including athermal model of battery heat generation/rejection, flow provided byfans, the root-mean-square of battery cell current, battery cell mass,temperatures, etc. With respect to the root-mean-square of the batterycell current, squaring the current changes the negative current valuesto positive. Thus, current in and out of the battery adds to theroot-mean-square current value. Both charging and discharging cangenerate thermal energy.

The method 300 then progresses to a step 340, which refers to thecalculations from the step 320 and the step 330. If, based on thecalculations from the step 320 and the step 330, a temperature of asection of the battery pack enclosure is not deviating, the method 300returns to the start 310. If, based on the calculations from the step320 and the step 330, the temperature of a section of the battery packenclosure is deviating, the method moves to a step 350. Moving to thestep 350 from the step 340 can be based on a deviation calculated in thestep 320, a deviation calculated in the step 330, or both.

At the step 350, the method 300 calculates a flow increase needed from afan or fans adjacent to the section of the battery pack experiencing thetemperature deviation. The flow increase that is needed can becalculated utilizing a flow model that includes fan flow. The flowincrease corresponds to the flow increase needed to adjust thermalenergy in the section so that the section is no longer experiencing thetemperature deviation.

The method 300 then moves to a step 360 where the method 300 calculateswhether at least one area, such as a center, of a battery cell withinthe section having the deviated temperature is predicted to exceeddesired temperatures due to thermal inertia. For example, thetemperature sensor may be measuring the outside of the battery cell, butthe critical temperature at the center of the battery may be warmer, andmay take longer to react to air flow changes.

The prediction at the step 360 can be based on a thermal model ofbattery cell temperatures that is based on temperature rise rate,temperatures, battery heat generation/dissipation, and thermalcharacteristics of the battery. Exemplary thermal characteristics caninclude battery mass, density, size, shape, thermal conductivity,connectivity, emissivity, and other factors that are well known in thefield of thermal analysis, etc. The prediction can be a predictionassociated with a particular area of a battery cell within the section,such as a center area of the battery cell.

If, at the step 360, the battery cell is not predicted to exceed desiredtemperatures due to thermal inertia, the method 300 moves to a step 370where a duty cycle of the adjacent fan or fans is increased to deliverthe flow increase calculated in the step 340 to the section experiencingthe temperature deviation.

If, at the step 360, the battery cell is predicted to exceed desiredtemperatures due to thermal inertia, the method 300 moves to a step 380where an additional flow increase is added to the flow increasecalculated in the step 340 is requested from the adjacent fan or fans.

The method 300 then moves from the step 380 to the step 370 where theduty cycle of the adjacent fan or fans is increased to deliver the flowincrease calculated in the step 340 and the additional flow increasecalculated in the step 380.

When moving from the step 380 to the step 370, the flow in the step 370includes the flow increase calculated in the step 340 and the additionalflow increase calculated in the step 380. When moving from the step 360to the step 370, the flow in the step 370 includes the flow increasecalculated in the step 340.

The method 300 ends at a step 390 after the step 370.

An exemplary system utilizing the method 300 monitors temperatures ofsections of a battery pack enclosure and, in particular, battery celltemperatures. The method 300 uses a thermal model and monitoredtemperatures to detect temperature increases within an individualsection. The temperature increases can be due to an inoperable fan, forexample.

The method 300 then uses a flow model to determine the quantity of flowincrease needed from an adjacent fan or fans to move thermal energy fromthe section experiencing the temperature increase. This facilitatesmaintaining a relatively consistent temperature throughout sections ofthe battery pack enclosure and can prevent temperatures from climbing toundesirable levels due to thermal inertia.

As can be appreciated, outermost sections of the battery pack enclosurecan be adjacent a single fan, rather than positioned directly betweentwo fans. For example, the section 64 e in FIG. 4 is aligned with fan 68e and adjacent to fan 68 d. Section 64 d in FIG. 4 is aligned with fan68 d and adjacent to fans 68 c and 68 e.

If an outermost section is experiencing the temperature deviation, theflow increase of the directly adjacent fan may include doubling the flowmoved by the adjacent fan.

Features of some of the disclosed embodiments include a fan array tomove flow through groups of battery cells. The fan array is part of asystem having a reduced size from prior art systems. The system of thepresent disclosure can have a reduced length of flow travel, whichresults in a lower pressure drop and lowering noise vibration andharshness. The system of the present disclosure can reduce ductingrequirements versus prior art designs, as well as potential leak pointsfor flow. In addition, the fan array can compensate for the ability ofone or more of its fans inability to move sufficient flow.

The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature.Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may becomeapparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart fromthe essence of this disclosure. Thus, the scope of legal protectiongiven to this disclosure can only be determined by studying thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of controlling flow through a batterypack, comprising: in a first operating condition, moving flow through afirst section of an enclosure using a first fan, and moving flow througha second section of the enclosure using a second fan; and in a secondoperating condition, moving flow through the second section using thefirst fan.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising changing fromthe first operating condition to the second operating condition inresponse to a change in temperature.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinthe change in temperature comprises an actual temperature of the secondsection varying from an expected temperature of the second section. 4.The method of claim 2, wherein the change in temperature comprises anactual temperature of the second section varying from an averagetemperature of the battery pack.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein thechange in temperature comprises a change in a temperature of a group ofbattery cells within the second section.
 6. The method of claim 2,further comprising, in the second operating condition, adjusting thefirst fan to increase flow moved by the first fan.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the adjusting is in response to a difference between atemperature of battery cells in the second section and a temperature ofbattery cells in another area of the enclosure.
 8. The method of claim6, wherein the adjusting is based on a flow model.
 9. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising, in the second operating condition, movingflow through the second section and a third section using a third fan,the second section positioned between the first section and the thirdsection within the enclosure.
 10. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising selectively powering a drivetrain of an electrified vehicleusing a first group of battery cells within the first section and secondgroup of battery cells within the second section.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first fan rotates about a first axis to move flowand the second fan rotates about a second axis to move flow, the firstaxis aligned with a direction that flow communicates though the firstsection, the second axis aligned with a direction that flow communicatesthrough the second section.
 12. A method of controlling flow through abattery pack, comprising: communicating flow through a first section ofan enclosure using a first fan, and communicating flow through a secondsection of the enclosure using a second fan; and increasing a speed ofthe first fan to communicate flow through the second section using thefirst fan in response to a temperature change in the second section. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein the temperature change in the secondsection comprises an actual temperature of the second section varyingfrom an expected temperature of the second section.
 14. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the temperature change in the second section comprisesan increase in temperature of a group of battery cells in the secondsection.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the temperature change inthe second section comprises an actual temperature of the second sectionvarying from an average temperature of the battery pack.
 16. The methodof claim 12, wherein the first fan rotates about a first axis to moveflow and the second fan rotates about a second axis to move flow, thefirst axis aligned with a direction that flow communicates though thefirst section, the second axis aligned with a direction that flowcommunicates through the second section.
 17. The method of claim 12,wherein the increasing is based on a flow model.
 18. The method of claim12, wherein the increasing is further in response to the second fancommunicating insufficient flow through the second section.
 19. Themethod claim 12, further comprising communicating flow through thesecond section and a third section using a third fan, the second sectionpositioned between the first section and the third section within theenclosure.